M.Sc. (PREVIOUS)
M.Sc. Previous (Scheme)
Paper - 101
Paper - 102
Paper - 103
Paper - 104
Paper - 105
Paper - 106
Practicals
Theory Paper-6 6 ×100 = 600
Practicals (150+50) = 200
Total 800

PAPER
101 Bacteriology and Phycology
102 Mycology and Virology
103 Immunology
104 Biochemistry and Microbial Physiology
105 Molecular Biology & Microbial Genetics
106 Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Computer Application

Bacteriology
  1. Classification of microorganisms; Haeckel's three kingdom concept, Whittaker's five kingdoms concept. Modern trends in classification, (ribotyping, nucleic acid hybridization, RNA fingerprinting, molecular chronometers).
  2. Classification and salient features of Bacteria according to Bergey's manual of systematic Bacteriology :

    3. -Gram-Nagative Bacteria: Spirochaetes, Aerobic or microaerophilic curved rods, Aerobic rod and cocci, Facultative aerobic rods, Anaerobers, Rickettsias and chalmydias, Anoxygenic phototrophs, Oxygenic phototrophs, 'Gliding bacteria, Sheathed bacteria Budding and/or appendaged bacteria, and Chemolithotrophs.
    -Gram- positive Bacteria :Cocci, Endospore forming, Regularly shaped rods, irregularly shaped rods, Mycobacteria, Actinomycetes.
    -Archaeobacteria:Methanotrophs, Halophiles, and Sulfur- dependent archaeobacteria.
  3. Morphology & ultrastructure of bacteria; morphological types, cell walls, cell walls synthesis, capsule, antigenic properties, cell membrane, Structure and functions of flagella, cilia, pili, chromosome, sporulation. Reserve food materials. Dormancy.
  4. Cultivation of bacteria; anaerobic, aerobic culture media, growth curve, growth kinetics, batch, continuous culture, growth measurements, factors affecting growth, control of bacteria-physical and chemical agents. Types of bacteria on the basis of energy and nutritional requirement. Pure culture techniques (spread plate, pour plate, streak plate), preservation methods.
  5. An introduction of Algae, General features and classification of algae. Occurrence, thallus organization and reproduction in chlorophyceae euglenophyceae, phaeophyceae, pyrrophyceae and diatoms.
  6. Algal ecology & biotechnology. Economic importance of algae. Lichen, ascolichen, basidiolichen, deuterolichen.

Mycology
  1. An Introduction to fungi-History, genral features of fungi, Classification of fungi, according to Alexopoulous and Mimswith the general aspects of Major division of fungi.
    2. Fungi and Ecosystem: Nutrition of fungi, Vitamin requirements, Saprophytism, parasitism, mutualism. Symbiotic associations of fungi: The Mycorrihizae and Lichens. Homothalism, Heterothallism, Heterokaryosis, The Parasexual cycle, Sex Hormones in Fungi. Fungi as insect symbiont. Mycotoxins and Mycotoxicoses. Attack on fungi by other microbes. Fungal diseases of Plants. Economic Importance of fungi.
  2. General Virology
    3. Breif outline on discovery of viruses, nomencature and classfication of viruses : distinctive properties of viruses; morphology & ultrastructure; capsidids & their arrangements; typesof envelops and their composition-viral genome, their types and stuctures; virus related agents (viroids, prions)
  3. Genral methods of Diagnosis and serology
    4. Cultivation of viruses in embryonated eggs, experimental animals , cell cultures; Primary & secondary cell cultures; suspension cell cultures and monolayer cell cultures; cell certains, cell lines and transgenicsystems; serological methods - heamagglutination & HAI; compliment fixation;immunofluorescenemethods,ELSA and Rodiommunoassays; assay of virusesphysical and chemial methods (Protein, nucleic acid, radioactivity, trackers,electron mocroscipy)-Infectivity assay ( plague method, end point method)- Infectivity of plant viruses.
  4. Bacterial viruses
    5. Becteriophage structural organisation; life cycle;one step growth curve;transcription;DNA replication; eclipse phase; phase production; burst size; lysogenic cycle; bacteriophase typing; application in bacterial genetics; brief details on M13,Mu, T3,T4 and Lamda P1
  5. Plant viruses
    6. Classifications and nomenclature; effects of viruseson plant; appearence of plants;histology,physiology and cytology of plants; common virusesof cynabacteria, algae, fungi;life cycle;type species of plant viruseslike TMVm, Cauliflower Mosiac Virus and Potato virusX; transmission of plant viruseswith vectors( insects, Cauliflower Mosiac Virus and Potato VirusX; transmission of plant viruses with vectors (insects, nematodes, fungi) and with out vectors( contact, seed and pollens); diagnostic techniques in seeds; seed stocks and diseased plants (seed morphology, seedling symptology, indicator plants, serological methods, histochemical tests and flourescent microscopy); Prevention of crop loss due to virusinfection - virus -free planting material; vector control
  6. Animal Viruses
    7. Classfication and nomenculture of animal human viruses; epidemiology, lifecycle, pathogenicity, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of RNA viruses Picorna, Ortho myxo, paramyxo, Toga and other arthopod viuses, Rohabdo, Rota HIV and other Oncogenic Viruses; DNA viruses; Pox, Herps, Adeno SV40; Hepatitis viruses, viral vaccines (conventional vaccines, genetic recombinant vaccines used in national immunisation programmes with examples, newer generation vaccines including DNA Vaccines with examples) interferons and antiviral drugs.
  1. Historical background: Humoral and Cellular components of the immune system. Innate Immunity: Skin & mucosal surface, Physiological Barriers, Phaagocytic barriers, Inflammation, Adaptic immunity.
  2. Cells and Organs of Immune System:
    -Lymphoid cells; stem cells, B and T Lymphocytes, Natural killer cells, Mononuclear phagocytes, Granulocytic cells.
    -Organs: Thymus, Bone Marrow, Lymphatic system, Lymph nodes, Spleen.
  3. Antigens and Antibodies:-Antigens : Structure, properites, types, Epitopes, Haptens.
    -Antibodies : Structure and function
    Antibody mediated functions
    Antibody classes and biological activies
    Monoclonal Antibodies
  4. Antigen-Antibody Interaction:-Precipitation reaction
    -Agglutination
    -Radioimmunoassay, ELISA
    -Western Blotting
    -Major Histocimpatibility Complex
    General structure and function of MHC
    MHC Molecules and Genes
    -Antigen Processing and presentation
    T-Cell Receptors
    T-Cell Maturation and Differentiation
    B-Cell Generation, Activation & Differentiation.
  5. Immune Effecter Mechanism-Cytokinesis (Properties, receptors, antagonisis & secretion)
    -The complement system (functions, components, activation, regulation and deficiencies)
    -Cell mediated effector responses: Cytotoxic T-cells, natural killer cells, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
    -Inflammation
    -Hypersensitive reactions (Type I,II,III and delayed type (DTH)
  6. Immunology in Health & Disease-Immune response to infectious disceases: viral, bacterial and protozon
    -Vaccines
    -AIDS and other Immuno deficiencies
    -Genetically designed vaccines. BCG, TB & Leprosy, DNA vaccines.
  7. Transplantation and Autoimmunity-Organ specific autoimmune diseases, Systemic autoimmune diseases,
    -Graft rejection, evidence and mechanism of graft rejection, prevention of graft rejection, immunosuppressive drugs, HLA and disease, mechanism of immunity to tumor antigens. Autoantibodies in human pathogenic mechanism, experimental models of autoimmune disease treatment of autoimmune disorders.
  1. Chemical foundation of (i)pH,pk, acids, bases, buffers, weak bonds, free energy resonance, isomerisation.
  2. Carbohydrates:Monosaccharides and their relationship structure of sugars, stereo isomerism and optical isomers of sugars. Reactions of aldehyde and ketone group, ring structure and tautomeric forms, mutarotation, reaction of sufars to OH groups. Important derivatives of monosaccharides, disaccharides and trisaccharides (glucose,fructose,maltose,lactose,cellobiose,gentiobiose,melibiose,sucrose,trehalose,mannotriose, rabinose:hamnose,raffinose). Structure, occurrence and biological importance of structural polysaccharides e.g. cellulose, chitin, agar, alginic acids, pectins, proteoglycans, sialic acids, blood group polysaccharides, bacterial cell wall polysaccharides Storage food polysacchorides: glycogen, starch.
  3. Lipids : Building block of lipids, fatty acids, glycerol, sphingosine. Definition and classification of lipids, Classification of fatty acids, physico-chemical properties of fatty acids. Systematic nomenclature and classes of glycerides. Properties and function of phospholipids, prostaglandins. Classes, structure and synthesis. Lipoproteins-classification, composition and their importance. Role of liipids in cellular architecture and functions.
  4. Nucleic acids Importance of nucleic acids in living systems, general composition of nucleic acids, purine and pyrimidine bases, tautomeric forms of bases, reactions of purines an pyrimidines, structure of nucleosides and nucleotides, deoxynucleotides, cyclic nucleotides and polynucleotides. Interaction of nucleic acids with protein molecules.
  5. Proteins
      6. Covalent properties of proteins
      -Structure & chemistry of amino acids
      -Proteins sequencing, covalent modification, splicing
    1. Protein : Primary, Secondary, tertiary and quarternary
      (folding patterns). Globular and fibrous proteins
  6. Enzymes As biocatalyst, classification, specificity, active site,activity unit isozymes. Enzyme kinetics; Michaelis-Menton: Mention equation for simple enzymes, determination of kinetic parameters, multistep-reactions and rate limiting steps, enzymes, inhibition, allosterism, kinetic analysis of allosteric enzymes, principles of allosteric regulation.
  7. Brief account of photosynthetic and accessory pigments- chlorophy II - bacteriochlorophy II-rhodopsin - carotenoids- phycobiliproteins; Carbohydrates - anabolism - autotrophic- oxygenic-anoxygenic photosynthesis - autotrophic generation of ATP; fixation of CO2 - Calvin cycle -C3 -C4 pathway. Chemolithotrophy - sulphur -iron - hydrogen - nitrogen oxidations, methanogenesis - luminescence.
  8. Respiratory metabolism Embden Meyer Hof pathway-Entner Doudroff pathway - glyoxalate pathway-Krebs cycle-oxidative and substrate level phosphorylation - reverse TCA cycle - gluconeogenesis - Pasteur effect; fermentation of carbohydrates-homo and heterolactic fermentations.
  9. Assimilation of nitrogen dinitrogen -nitrate nitrogen - ammonia- synthesis of major amino acids - polyamines; Synthesis of polysaccharides- peptidoglycan-biopolymers as cell components.
  1. Nucleic acids as genetic information carries : experimental evidence. DNA structure : historical aspects and current concepts, melting of DNA replication: general principles, various modes of replication, isolation and properties of DNApolymerases, proof reading , continous and discontinous sysnthesis, Asymmetric & dimeric nature of DNA polymerases iii and simultaneous, synthesis of leading and lagging stands, DN polymerases, exonuclease activity in eukaryotic DNA polymerases, superhelicity in DNA, linking number, topological properties, mechanism of action of topoisomerases.
  2. Initiation of replication of single standardDNA. Construction of replication fork in test tube. Retroviruses and their unique mode of DNA synthesis. Relation between replication and cell cycle. Inhibitors or DNA replication ( blocking precursor synthesis, nucleotide polymerziation, altering DNA structure). DNA damage and repair: types of DNA damage (deamination) oxidative damage, alkylatin, pyrimidine dimers). repair pathways-methyl-directed mismatchrepair, very short patch repair, nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair, recombination, repair SOS system.
  3. Structural features of RNA (rRNA, tRNA and mRNA) and relation to function . Initiator and elongator class of tRNA, ribosome binding site on mRNA and corresponding site on rRNA. peptidyl transferase activity of 23S tRNA. Transcription : general principles, basic appartatus, types of RNA polymerases, steps : initiation, clongation and termination, inhibitors of RNA syntheses. Polycistronic and monocistronic RNAs. Control of transcription by interaction between RNA polymerases and parometer regions, use of alternate sigma factors, controlled termination : attenuation and altitermination
  4. Regulation of gene expression: operon concept, catabolite repression instability of bacterial RNA, positive and negative regulation , inducers and corepressors. Negative regulation - E. coli lacoperon; positive regulation . E.coli ara operon; regulation by atenuation his and trp operons; antitermination - N protein and nut sites in I. DNA binding sites on DNA, Global regulatoryresponses : heat shock response, stringent response and regulation by small molecules such as ppGpp and cAMP, regulation of rRNA and tRNA syntheses
  5. Maturation and processing of RNA : methylation, cutting and trimming of rRNA; capping, polyadenylation and splicing of m RNA; cutting and modification of tRNA degradation system. Catalytic RNA group I and group II intron splicing RNase P
  6. Basic features of the genetic code. Protein synthesis : steps, details of initiation, elongation and termination, role of various factors in the above steps, inhibitors of proteinssynthesis. Synthesis of exported proteins on membrane- bound ribosomes, singal hypothesis. In vitro transcription and translation systems
  7. Gene as unit of mutation and recombination. Molecular nature of mutations; mutagens. Spontaneous mutations-origin
  8. Gene transfer mechanisms- transformation, transduction, conjugation and transfection. Mechanisms and applications. Genetic analysis of microbes, Bacteria and yeast
  9. Plasmids, F-Factors description and their uses in genetic analysis, Colicins and col factors. Plasmids as vectors for gene cloning. Replication of selected plasmids: compatibility, Transposones and their uses in genetic analysis

Unit I
Importance and scope in biological experiments; Elements of Probability - Mathematical, Statistical and Axiomatic Definitions; Addition and multiplication. Therorems; Probability Distribution Function-Binomial, Poisson and Normal; Area under Normal Probability Distribution Curve.
Unit II
Measures of Central Tendency - Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic Means; Measures of Dispersion - Range, Quartile Deviation, Variance, Standard Deviation, Coefficient of Variation; Confidence Limits of population Mean; Tests of Significance- Hypotheses and Errors; Student t test-Population mean equals a postulated value, Equality of 2 independent population means (Equal and Unequal Variances), Equality of 2 dependent means of a population.
Unit III
Analysis of Variance-One way classification with equal and unequal sample sizes, Two way classification with one observation per cell, Completely Randomized Design, Randomized Block Design; Multiple Comparison-Isd and Duncan's New Multiple Range test; Introducation to 2^ Factorial Design.
Unit IV
Relation between two variable; Linear Regression - Regression diagram and equation, significance test, prediction of dependent variable from the independent one; Linear Correlation-Scatter diagrams, correlation coefficient standard error, significance tests: Relationship between Correlation and Regression coefficients; Chi-square tests for goodness of fit, tests for association between attributes, Yate's Correction factor; Analysis of Covariance (One way classification)
Unit V
Bioinformatics - Basic concepts and gene data bases and websites; Basics of Computers-Architecture, generations of hardware and software; Operating systems- WINDOWS and UNIX; System and Application software; Basics of Internet-LAN, MAN and WAN; Applicationo of computers in general introduction to genomics and proteonics.
Recommended Books
Bacterial Genomes 1998. De Bruijn et. Al. Chapman & Hall.
Cellular Microbiology. 1999. Henderson et. Al. Wiley.
Genetics of Bacterial Virulence Dorman C.J. 1994, Blackwell.
Genome Analysis. Four volumes. 2000. CSH Press.
Molecular cloning. 3 volumes. Ambrose and Russell. 2000. CSH press.
Principles of Gene Manipulation. 1994 Old & Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Immunology A Short course Benjamin E and Leskowitz S, Wiley Liss NY to 1991.
Prokaryotic Development Brun, Y.V. and Shimkets, L.J. 2000. ASM press.
Microbial physiology and Metabolism Caldwell, D.R. 1995. Brown publishers.
E. Coli and Salmonells, Cellular and Molecular Biology, 2nd edition.
Genes VII. Lewin (Oxford University Press) 2000.
Immunology-Understanding of Immune System Klans D. Elgret (1996). Wiley-Liss, N.Y.
Kuby J. Immunology II ed. (1994) W.H. Freeman & Co. N.Y.
Masudair, Baltimore, Darnell, 4th edition, 2000.
Microbial Genetics. Maloy et. al 1994. Jones & Bertiett Publishers.
Moat. A.G. & Foster J.W. 1999. Microbial Physiology. Wiley.
Modern microbial genetics.1991. Streips & Yasbin, Niley. Ltd.
Molecular cell biology (W.H. Freeman by Lodish, Berk, Zippursky.
Molecular genetics of Bacteria -Larry Snyder & Wendy Champness.
Molecualr genetics of bacteria. J.W. Dale 1994. John Wiley & Sones.
Pravesh C.Sen Gupta, Clinial Immunology, Oxford India, 2003 (II Vol).
Richard A. Goldshy et. al. Immunology 5th ed. W.H. Freeman & Co., NY 2003
Roitt I, Essential immunology, Blackwell Se Pub. Oxford. III ed.
Stainer RY, Ingharam JL, Wheelis, ML, Painter PR (1986). General Microbiology, Macmillan Education Ltd., London.
Topley & Wilson's (1995) Text book on principles of bacterilogy, Virology & immunology IX ed. Edward Arnold, London.
Michael J. Pelczar JR et al. Microbiology: Concepts and Applications McGraw-Hill. Inc. 1993 (ISBN. 0-07-049258-1)
Prescott Harley Klein: Microbiology III Ed. 1996 ECB Pub.
Nester E.W. et.al; Microbilogy Saunders college Pub.

P-101
  1. Preparation of culture media -Liquid & Solid media, Enrichment, Selective & Differential mediums. Preparation of slant, deep tube and plate culture.
  2. Isolation of pure culture by Pour plate, Serial dilution and Streak plate method.
  3. Study of Growth curve.
  4. Effect of pH, temp, Osmolarity and Oxygen, UV, Dessication on growth of bacteria.
  5. Cultivation of Anaerobic organisms.
  6. Sterilization methods.
  7. Methods of quantitative estimation of Micro-organisms.

    8. -Total count (haemocytometer)
    -Viable count (Plate count)
  8. Methods of staining bacteria.
  1. Simple staining
  2. Gram staining
  3. Endospore staining
  4. Negative staining
  5. Flagella staining
  6. Cell wall staining

P-102
  1. Identification and classification of common fungi.
  2. Mounting and staining VAM spores & preparation of diagnostic slides.
  3. Study of antagonism by dual culture technique.
  4. Recovery and quantitative estimation of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) spores from the soil.
  5. Identification and classification of common algae.
  6. Study of viral infections in plants.
  7. Study of viral infections in animals.
  8. Bacteriophage production: Single step growth.

P-103
  1. Radio-immuno Diffusion.
  2. Immuno-electrophoreses.
  3. Dot Elisa
  4. Ouchterlony Double diffusin
  5. Quantitatie Precipitin Assay.
  6. Widal test.
  7. Sandwich Elisa.
  8. Latex Agglutination.

P-104
  1. Separation of Hemoglobin and Blue dextrin by Gel filtration.
  2. Estimation of proteins.
  3. Estimation of amino acids
  4. Estimation of carbohydrates.
  5. Estimaiton of nucleic acids.
  6. Enzyme kinetics.
  7. Affinity chromatography.
  8. lon exchange chromatography.

P-105
  1. To study spontaneous mutations by replica plating.
  2. To study induced mutations in bacteria.
  3. Isolation of antibiotic resistant mutants by gradient plate technique.
  4. Isolation of antibiotic resistant mutants by antibiotic disc method.
  5. To study bacterial variations.
  6. Ames test.