M.Sc. (FINAL)

	M.Sc. Final (Scheme)
	Paper - 201
	Paper - 202
	Paper - 203
	Paper - 204
	Paper - 205
	Practicals

Theory Paper-5	5 ×100 =	500
Project Work	=	100
Practical Total	=	200 800

THEORY PAPER (FIVE PAPERS)
201 Industrial Microbiology and Food Microbiology
202 Instrumentation and its biological applications
203 Recombinant DNA technology and Microbial production of recombinant molecule.
204 Medical Microbiology
205 Environmental microbiology and Microbial Biodiversity.
Introduction, history and scope of industrial microbiology, major types of microorganism used in fermentation, primary & secondary screening, industrial strain improvement-strategies, selection and improvement of recombinant organisms.
Design and operation of various types of reactors, main components, peripheral parts and accessories, various control systems.
Media preparation, sterilization, kinetics of thermal death of Micro-organisms, batch, continuous and fed batch process, aeration and agitation, foam and antifoam, microbial growth kinetics, measurement of growth, effect of pH, temp, and nutrient conc. on growth.
Down stream processing, filtration of fermentation broths, ultra-centrifugation, recovery of biological products by distillation, superficial fluid extraction, Electrokinetic's dialysis, flotation.
Industrial production of alcohol, citric,acid,solvents,amino acids,enzymes (amylase,proteases,celluloses) antibiotics,steroids and large-scale production of recombinant molecules - interferon, human proteins, vaccines.
Microorganisms important in food microbiology: Molds, Yeasts and Bacteria-General characteristics, classification and importance. Principles of food preservaton. Asepsis-Removal of microorganisms, (anaerobic conditions, high temperatures, low temperatures, drying). Factors influencing microbial growth in food-Extrinsic and Intrinsic factors; Chemical preservatives and Food additives. Canning, processing for Heat treatment-D, Z, and F values and working out treatment parameters.
Contamination and spoilage; Cereals, sugar products, vegetables, fruits, meat and meat products, Milk products, fish and sea foods-poultry-spoilage of canned food. Detection of spoilage and characterisation. Food-borne infections and intoxications: Bacterial and nonbacterial-with example of infective and toxic types-Brucella, Bacillus, Clostridium,Escherichia, Salmonella, Staphylococcus,Vibrio, Yersinia; Nematodes, protozoa, algae, fungi and viruses. Foodborne outbreaks-laboratory testing procedures; Prevention measures-Food sanitation in manufacture and retail trade; Food control agencies and its regulations, Plant sanitation-Employee's Health standards-waste treatment-disposal-quality control.
Fermented foods: bread, cheese, vinegar, fermented vegetables,fermented dairy products, oriental Fermented foods, their quality standards and control; Experimental and Induction methods,microbial cells as food (single cell proteins) and mushroom cultivation. Fermented beverages: beer and wine. Genetically modified foods.

1. Spectroscopy: interaction of radiation with matter, absorption of radiation, emision of radiation, Beer-Lambert relationship components of a spectrophotometer, type of detectors; UV-Vis spectrophotometry,
2. Fluorimetric methods,atomic absorption spectroscopy techniques,flame emission photometry, magnetic resonance spectroscopy,
3. Applications of different spectroscopic techniques.

1. Separation methods: principles of separation techniques, general methods of separation; methods based on polarity (absorption chromatography, liquid chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography), methods based on ionic nature (ion-exchange chromatography), methods based on shape (affinity chromatography), HPLC,ELISA.
2. Applications of chromatographic techniques in biology.

1. Membrane filtration and dialysis, electrophoresis: zonal techniques,supporting medium, vertical, submarine and gradient electrophoresis.
2. Isoelectric focussing, isotachophoresis, capillary electrophoresis, elution parameters, immunoelectrophoresis,
3. Applications of electrophoresis in biology.

1. Centrifugation: Preparative and analytical centrifuges, sedimentation analysis, RCF, zonal and equilibrium density gradients, Ultracentrifuge.
2. Microscopy: light, phase-contrast, fluorescence and electron microscopy.

1. Radioisotopes: nature of radioactivity, types of radioactivity, radioactive decay, units of radioactivity.
2. Detection and measurement of radioactivity. Geiger counters, scintillation counters, autoradiography.
3. Biochemical uses of isotopes (tracers, radio immunoassay).

Core techniques and essentialenzymes used in rDNA technology. Restriction digestion, ligation and transformation
Cloning vectors-plasmids, phages and comids. Cloning strategies. Cloning and selection of individual genes, gene libraries:cDNA and genomic libraries
Specialised cloning strategies, Expression vectors, promoter probe vectors, vectors for library construction - artificial chromosomes
PCR methods and application, DNA sequencing methods, dideoxy and chemical methods Sequence assembly. Automated sequencing Genome sequencing and physical mapping of gnomes.
Requirement of recombinant molecules: in pharmaceutical, health, in research laboratories, agricultural and industrial sectors. Criteria of purity.
Rationale for the design of vectors for the over expressin of recombinant proteins: selection of suitable promoter sequences, ribosome binding sites, transcription terminator, fusion protein tags, purification tags, purification tags, protease cleavage sites and enzymes, plasmid copy number, inducible expression systems.
Over expression conditions, production of inclusion bodies, solubilization of insoluble protemis Purification protocols and up scaling. Determination of purity and activity of over expressed proteins.

Early discovery of panthogenic microorganisms; developmentof bacteriology as scientific discipline; contributions made by eminent scientists. Classification of medically important micro organisms; Normal microbial flora of human body; role of the resident flora; normal flora and the human host
Estsblishment, spreading, tissue damage and anti- phagocytic factors; mechanism of bacterial adhesion , colonization and invasion of mucous membranes of respritory, enteric and unogenital tracts, Role of aggressins, deplymerising enzymes, organotropisms, variation and virulence. Organs and cells involved immune system and immune response
Clasifications; pathogenic bacteria. Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pncumococcus, Neisseria, Cornebacterium Bacillus, clostridium, Non-sporing Anaerobes, Organisms belonging to Enterbacteriacca, Vibrios, Non fermenting gram negative bacilli Yersinsa; Haemophilus; Bordetella, Brucella; Mycobacteria, Spirochaetes, Anctiomycetes; Rickettsiac, Chalmdiac
General properties of Viruses; Viruses Host interactions ; Pox viruses ; Herps virus; Picarno Viruses; Orthomyxo viruses; Paramyxo viruses; Arboviruses, Rhabdo viruses, Hepatitis viruses; Oncogenic viruses; Human Immuno deficiency viruses(AIDS). Dermatophytes, dimophic fungi, opportunistic fungal pathogens. Description and classification of pathogenic fungi and their laboratory diagnosis
Laboratory control of antimicrobial therapy; various methods of drug susceptiblity testing, antibiotic assay in body fluids. Brief account on available vaccines and Schedules; passive prophylactic measures; Noscomical infection, common types of hospital infections and their diagnosis and control
Prolaryotic & eukaryotic signalling mechanissms: eukaryatic cell to cell signaling, endocrine signaling, Ajlikins, prokaryotic signaling, quoreem sensing and bacterial pheromones, intracellular signaling, signaling pathways.
Injection and cell -cell interactions; bacterial adherence: basic principles, effects of adhesion on bacteria, effect of adhesion on host cells. Bacterial invasion of host cells; mechanism, consequence of invasion, and survival after invasion. Protein toxins: agents of diseases.

Aero biology : Droplet nuclei, aerosal, assessment of air quality,-solid - liquid - impingment methods,- Breif account of air borne transmission of microbes - viruses - bacteria and fungi, their diseases and preventive measures.
Aquatic microbiology: Water ecosystems - types -fresh water(ponds, lake, streams)- marinehabitats (estuaries, mangroves, deepsea, hydrothermal vents, saltpans, coralreefs). Zonations of Water ecosystems -upwelling -eutrophicaltion - food chain. Potability of water- microbial assessment of water quality- water purification - brief account of major water borne diseases and their control measures.
Soil Microbiology : Classification of Soil- Physical and chemicals characteristics, microflora of various soil types (bacteria and nematodes in revelence to soil types; rhizosphere- phyllosphere- brief account of microbial interactions symboisis- mutualism- commensalism -competition - amensalism- synergims - parasitims- predation ; biogeochemical cycles and their organisms, - carbon introgen - phosphorous and sulphur, biofertilizers- biological nitrogen fixation - nitrogenase enzyme - nif genis; symbiotic nitrogen fixation - (Rhizobium, Frankia)- non-symbiotic microbes- Azotobacter- Azospirillium - vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae-VAM)- ecto, endo, entendomycorrhizae- rumen microbiology
Waste treatment : Wastes - types- solid and liquid wastes characterization- solid - liquid; treatments- physical, chemical, biological- aerobic- anaeorobic -primary - secondary- tratiary; solid waste tratment - saccharification- gasification- composting, utilization fo solid wastes - (SCP, mushroom,yeast): fuel(ethanol, methane) fertilizer(composting), liquid waste treatment- trickling- activated sludge- oxidation pomd- oxidation ditch. Subterranean microbes and biomediation
Positive and negative roles of microbes in environment: biodegradation of recalcitrant compounds - lignin - pesticides; bioaccumulation of metals and detoxification -biopesticides; biodeterioration- of paper- leather, wood textiles- metal corrosion- mode of deterioration- organisms involved -its disadvantages- mode of prevention. Gmo and theirimpact
Introduction to microbial diversity, distribution, abundance, ecology. Oxygenic photosynthetic microbes adn anoxygenic photosynthetic microbes. Oxidative transformation of metals: sulphur oxidation, iron oxidation, ammonia oxidation and hydrogen oxidation. Unculturable and culturable bacteria-conventional and molecular methods of studying microbial diversity.
Microbial diversity in anoxic ecosystem - methanogens - reduction of carbon monoxide - reduction of iron, sulphur, manganese, nitrate and oxygen- Microbial transformation of carbon, phosphorus, sulphur, nitrogen and mercury. Extermophiles - acidophilic, alkalophilic; thermophilic, and oxmophilic microbes, mechanisms and adoption. Halophiles- membrance variation - electron transport; application of halophiles and extremophiles.

1. Visit to Food processing industry/Fermentation industry/Breweries (Educational tour)
2. Study of growth medium and producation mediums.
3. To study industrial producation of Beer/Wine.
4. Measurement of citric acid production.
5. Demonstration of amino acid production by E. coli mutant.
6. To test the production of enzymes: Amylases, proteinases, lipases and cellulses by microorganisms.
7. Isolation and identification of common microorganisms spoiling food (Fungi and bacteria).
8. Study of general methods of food preservation:
9. 
   -Temperature
   -Salt
   -Moisture
10. Preparation of fermented foods (koji, Saukeraut) and fermented beverages (soya sauce, alcohol).
11. Determination of number of bacteria in milk by

-Standard plate count
-Direct microscopic count
12. Testing of milk by MBRT
13. Turbidity Test for Milk
14. Test for pasteurization of milk
15. Coliform Test for milk
16. Demonstration of food sanitation & hygiene in industries.

Demonstration of working of the following instruments:

1. Atomic absorption spectrum
2. Gas Liquid Chromatography
3. HPLC
4. ELISA
5. Radioisotopes counters
6. UItracentrifuge
7. Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography and TLC.
8. Isolation of phospholipids from liver and their separation by T.L.C.

1. DNA extraction from bacteria
2. DNA extraction from plant/yeast/cheek cells
3. DNA molecular size determination
4. Restriction Digestion
5. Ligation
6. Transformation
7. Bacterial Conjugation
8. Bacterial gene expression
9. Demonstration of PCR
10. Single colony isolation and checking genetic marker
11. Analysis of proteins using SDS PAGE

1. Sterilization and disinfections
2. Collection of samples and containers used for collecting samples
3. Preparation of culture mediums for growing pathogenic microor-ganisms
4. Ziel-Nelson staining method for AFB
5. Giemsa staining
6. Study of slides of important pathogens
7. Study of slides from stool and blood
8. Identification of pathogens on basis of cultural characteristics
9. Conventional and rapid methods of isolation and identification of pathogenic microorganisms
10. Demonstration of automated for diagnostic microbiology.

1. Isolation of micro-organisms from air
2. Isolation of microorganisms from water
3. Bacteriological examination of water by Multiple Tube Technique.
4. Isolation and identification of pathogens
5. To determine dissolved oxygen of water.
6. To determine BOD
7. To determine COD
8. Demonstration of waste water treatment plant.
9. Demonstration of composting
10. Isolation of micro-organisms soil
11. Isolation of Rhizosphere micro flora.
12. Study of halophiles
13. Study of thermophiles
14. Isolation of Rhizobium from:

- Root nodule
- Soil
15. Isolation of free living nitrogen fixers
16. Isolation of VAM spores
17. Study of cyanobacteria
18. Study of phylloplane microflora by leaf impression method

Text Books

1. Adams M.R. and Moss M.O. (1995) Food Microbiology. Royal Society of Chemistry Publication, Cambridge.
2. Frazier WC and Westhoff Dc (1998). Food Microbiology. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi
3. Stanbury, P.E., Whitekar, A and Hall, S.J. (1995) Principles of Fermentation Technology. 2nd Edition. Pergamon Press
4. Banwart, GJ (1993) Basis Food Microbiology. CBS Publishers and Distributors, Delhi.
5. Hobbs BC and Roberts D. (1993) Food poisoning and Food Hygiene. Edward Arnold (A division of Hodder and Stoughton London)
6. Robinson RK, (1990) Dairy Microbiology. Elsevier Applied Sciences, London
7. Stanbory P.F.A. Whitaker & Hall. 1995. Principles of Fermentation Technology. Pergaman. McNeul & Harvey. 1990.
8. Fermentation, A. Practical Approach. IRL.
9. Biotechnological innovations in chemical synthesis, BIOTOL, Publisher: butterworth-Heinemann.
10. Industrial Microbiology, G. Reed (editor), CBS Publishers (AVI Publishing Company)
11. Biology of industrial microorganisms. A.L.Demain
12. Genetics and biotechnology of industrial microorganisms, C.L. Hershnergev, S.W. Queener and Q. Hegeman. Publisher: Americal Society of Microbiology. Ewesis.Et.Al. 1998. Bioremediation principles. McGraw Hill.
13. Johri, B.N. 2000. Extremophiles. Springer Verlag.New York
14. Colwd, D. 1999. Microbial Diversity. Academic Press
15. Michel. R. Introduction of Environmental Microbiology. 1999.
16. ASM book

Reference

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32. Functional Genomics A Practical Approach Edited by STEPHEN P.JJNT and RICK LIVEEY (OUP) 2000.
33. DNA Microarrays A Practical Approach Edited by Mark Schena (OUP).
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36. Research and review articles in journals.