M.Sc. Biotechnology Integrated
The Paper is divided into four sections. Students are required to attempt five questions in all, selecting not more than one question from each section. All questions carry equal marks.
Section A
Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry. UV and visible, spectrofluorimetry, Atomic absorption, mass spectrometry, Infra red and raman spectcoscopy., X-ray diffraction and crystallorgraphic analysis in biology, NMR in biology and medicine. Electron spin resonance spectrometry , Magnetic resonance imaging .Radioisotope techniques - Nature of radioactivity, Radio tracers, GM counter, Proportional and scintillation counters and safety aspects Tracer Techniques - Principle, ionization chambers and applications.
Chromatography : Paper, TLC, GC and GLC Adsorption chromatography partition chromatography & Affinity chromatography; Ion-exchange chromatography, Gel filtration chromatography and High performance (Pressure) Liquid chromatography ; Application, fractionation collection, monitoring UV absorbance, Applications in enzyme purification.
Laser Confocal Microscopy and Digital Image Analysis Phase contrast , interference, polarizing. fluorescence and confocal electron microscopy (TEM and Scanning).
Centrifugation & Ultracentrifugation: Centri fugation -Principle Simple and differential Centrifugation. Ultra Centrifugation : Preparative and analytical.
Biosensors in Diagnostics; Animal Tissue Culture.
Section B
Techniques of lyophilization. Elecrophoretic techniques : electrophoretic techniques - Principle types of instruments, resolution, separation and application,
Protein Analysis Methods : Protein Electrophoresis - I D and 2D, Isoelectric focusing; Western Blotting; ELISA; Nucleic acid separations.
Techniques for Physical mapping and genetic mapping genome. Genomic library Screening, techniques of sequencing genome. YAC and BAC libraries . Molecular markers linked to disease resistance genes and various characters.
Section C
Cloning Vectors : Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering Transfection and recovery of clones. Restriction Enzymes; Molecular Cloning; Bacterial Transformation; Antibiotic Selection; DNA sequencing, Thermocycler and its use in PCR, RT- PCR; RAPD, RFLP, AFLP analysis, GEL - Doc : Southern Blotting; Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH); Microarrays; Northern Blotting.
Section D
Bioinformatics: Information Retrieval : LAN,WAN, Introduction to Internet, WWW, NICNET, ERNET, VSNL, ISDN, E-mail, Publication on Wordwide web, on-line publishing ventures e.g. Biomed online international database access.
Biological database : Primary Sequence database ( Protein and DNA database), Secondary database, Composite database.
Practicals :
- Preparation of buffers, reagents and media etc. ;
- Laboratory equipment handling and safety guidelines,
- Radiation safety guidelines ;
- Separation of different organelles/ molecules by sucrose density gradient / differential gradient.
- Separation and identification of serum proteins / plant proteins by gel electrophoresis.
- Isolation and characterization of genome DNA for E. Coli;
- Unit determination of restriction enzyme activity :
- Cutting of DNA and clean up of DNA for ligation;
- Setting up ligation ;
- Preparation of culture media, pouring Plates and streaking of E. Coil
- Evalulation of transformants and preparation of glycerol stocks;
- Demonstration of electorporation ;
- Preparation of radiolabelled DNA probe (random primer labeling );
- Hybridization, washing & autoradiography (Cleaning and montitoring work bench for radioactive spill );
- Induction of Lac operon ;
- Demonstration of PCR ; i. Setting up PCR reaction; ii. Analysis of amplified product; iii. Minipreparation & digestion of plasmid DNA; iv. Southern transfer of plasmid DNA digest & baking membrane; v. Phage unification, titration and preparation of stocks; vi. Isolation of phage DNA ; vii. Demonstration of DNA sequencing ; viii Setting up sequencing reactions ox. Casting sequencing gel ; x. Gel electrophoresis & autoradiography. xi. Reading sequencing from X-ray film.
PAPER - II
APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
The Paper is divided into four sections. Students are required to attempt five questions in all, selecting not more than one question from each section. All questions carry equal marks.
Section A
Protein as Biotechnology Products : Commercial amd Medical Uses of Proteins; Protein Production and Purification Methods.
Microbial Biotechnology : Uses of Microorganisms ; Infectious Diseases; Vaccines; Diagnostics; Bioterrorism. Eukaryotic vectors - C3 I lifecycle and gene regulation; Posttranslational modifications; Comparison of transscription in Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes and Archaea.
Section B
Plant Biotechnology : Introduction and Historical Background of G.E., Basic Patent Rules, Ethical Issues and Biosafety guidelines. Enzymes used in molecular cloning : restriction enzymes, ligases and other enzymes. Isolation of DNA, RNA, Bacteriophage and Plasmid DNA, Extraction and analysis of m RNA from eukaryotic cells.
Introduction of recombinant DNA technology : Attenuation and Antitermination mechanisms in Bacteria; enzymes used in recombination technology. Bacterial plasmids ; Bacteriophage lambda-structure, gene regulation & assay; Plasmid and Cosmid vectors; Restriction modification systems in Bacteria; F factor and conjugation; Transformation; Viruses - Generlized and Specialized tranduction; Bacteriophage lambda vectors ; M- 13 based vector ; Transposable elements; Yeast Vectors; E.coli expression system; Cloning Startegies . viruses Cloning Startegies for Screening DNA libraries; Analysis of Recombinant Viruses for Crop Improvement and Intended Benefits; Environmental, Health, and Socioeconomic Issues. regarding Genetically Modified Plants and Foods.
Section C
Animal Biotechnology: Animals in Research; Animal cloning and Transgenic Animals. Forensic Analysis : Methods of DNA Biotechnology: Diagnostics; Genetic Screening; Pharmacogenomics; Medical Products; Gene Therapy. Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine as an Energy Source.
Section D
Aquatic/ Environmental Biotechnology : Aquacultural Practices; Application of Genetically Modified Aquatic Organisms.
Biotechnology in crop improvement : Cell and tissue culture, in vitro selection for biotic and abiotic stresses, protoplast and somatic hybridization, Plant gene transfer methods and transgenic plants, Molecular markers and marker mediated application in plant breeding techniques.
Bionanotechnology : Biomolecular Assembly Processes; Biosensors ; Protective Materials; Durg Delivery Tools.
PAPER - III
PHYLOGENETICS AND COMPARATIVE GENOMICS
PHYLOGENETICS AND COMPARATIVE GENOMICS
The Paper is divided into four sections. Students are required to attempt five questions in all, selecting not more than one question from each section. All questions carry equal marks.
Section A
Phylogenetics I : Introduction to phylogenetics, Distance methods; UPGMA and Neighbour Joining, Parsimony.
Section B
Phylogenetics II : Statistical inference principles: Maximum likelihood inference of phylogeny: Bayesian inference of phylogeny.
Section C
Phylogenetics III: Reconstruction ancestral states, Identifying mutations/ substitutions, Historical biogeography, Classification. Accuracies and statistical Tests of Phylogenetics .
Section D
Comparative genomics : Introduction, Gene mapping information. Web tools for genomic comparison and gene finding, Genomic database : EMBL, DDBJ, NCBI, TransFac etc. Similarity Searching and Pairwise Alignment.
Multiple Sequence Alignment :
EIGHTH SEMESTER
THEORY PAPERS :
| Paper - IV | Clinical Development of Drugs and Biologics | 100 Marks |
| Paper - V | Downstream Processing | 100 Marks |
| Paper - VI | Biotransformation & Biocatalysis | 100 Marks |
| *Elective VII - | Clinical Development of Drugs and Biologics | 50 Marks |
PAPERS -II ,& III
(SIX HOURS DURATION)
The Paper is divided into four sections. Students are required to attempt five questions in all, selecting not more than one question from each section. All questions carry equal marks.
Section A
- Pharmacokinetics.
- Physiologically based pharmacokinetics(PB-PK)
- Pharmacokinetics / Pharmacodynamics (PK ?PD) modeling.
- Application of Pharmacometric in Drug development
- Clinical Trial, Design and Simulation.
- Biostatistical methodologies
- Project planning and management
- Matrix management
- Decision making
- Cross functional team communications
- Resource allocation
- Time management
- Laws, Regulation, Guideline. Guidance, Policies and procedure
- Clinical development, process and phases
- Phase - IV commitments
- Labeled Driven Drug development
- Interaction with regulatory agencies: Do' and Don' ts
Section B
Section C
Regulatory Science
Section D
- First entry
- Multiple does time
- AME/ Radiolabeled studies
- Food effect studies
- Drug - drug interaction studies
- Accelerating the clinica; trial process
- Goodman Gillman's The Pharmacological basis of therapeutics.(2001) Ed. Hardman JG, Limbird LE (Tenth Edition) McGraw Hill Press, New York.
- Applied biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics (1999) Ed. Sargel L., (IV Edition), PrenticeHall International, London.
- Fundamentals of experimental pharmocology.(1984) Ed. Ghosh MN. Scientific book Agency , Kolkata.
- Text book of receptor Pharmacology. Eds. Forman JC, Johansen TJ, CRC Press, New York, 1996.
- Drug Discovery and Evaluation - Pharmacological assays. (1997) Ed. Vogel HG & Vogel WH. Springer New York.
Trends in Pharmacological Science, Annual Review of Pharmacology , Pharmacological Reviews, Indian Pharmacological and Experimental Therapeutics, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Nature, Science, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, BJCP and other pharmacology related journals.
Paper - V
DOWN STREAM PROCESSING
DOWN STREAM PROCESSING
The Paper is divided into four sections. Students are required to attempt five questions in all, selecting not more than one question from each section. All questions carry equal marks.
Section A
Introduction to fluid - solid system.
Introduction and characteristics of fermentation broth & its pretreatment.. Fermentative production of Organic solvents : Ethanol Acetone, Butanol, Alcoholic beverages: Beer, Wine, Rum, Gin, Whisky & Brandy.
Organic acid : Latic acid, Enzymes: Protease. Lipases. L - Amylases.
Antibiotics : Penicillin, Streptomycin, Teracyline, Vitamins : Vitamin B12; Amino Acid; L- glutamic acid, Phenylalanine, L - lysine.
Section B
Product isolation methods: Liquid - liquid extractions, distillation, precipition. Membrane based separation method : UF/NF, RO, Dialysis.
Product isolation : Extraction and absorption method, solid- liquid separation, liquid - liquid separation, distillation, Preciption method using ammonium sulfate, Organic solvent, High molecular weight polymers .
Reverse osmosis : Cell separations with Hollow - Fiber membranes and processing using Tangential flow - filtration. Liquid - liquid extraction of antibiotics and Biopolymers. Supercritical fluid extraction. Fixed - bed penicillin, citric acid and ethanol. Energy Analysis of Separation Processes.
Section C
Electrochemical methods : Electrophoresis, Dialysis. High Resolution Chromatography, Ion Chromatography, Gel filtration, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, Affinity chromatography. Ion chromatography, Gel filtration hydrophobic interaction chromatgraphy, Affinity chromatography Filtration and microfiltration, centrifugation (batch, continuous), Designing of centrifuges for desired product of desired capacity, Coagulation, flocculation. Cell disruption : Physical method; osmotic shock, grinding with abrasive, solid shear, liquid shear, chemical methods - alkali reagents, enzymatic methods.
Section D
Case studies: Baker's yeast, Ethanol, Citric acid, Gluconic acid, intracellular proteins, penicillin, Streptomycin, Insulin, Casein. Recovery & Purification of recombinant products. Bioferitlizers: Rhizobium oil and baker yeast: Biotransformation, steroid transformation and Bioremediation; Important product through r-DNA technology; Hepatitis B vaccine, interform, insulin, somatotrophic hormone ; Production of Biosurfactants - Xanthan & Dextran. ; Bioenergy (a) Concept of Bioenergy Park; Biodiesel production from various feedstocks. Biogas production; Biofilters and Biochips: Biopupling; Bioextractive metallurgy: Bioleaching and extraction; Biological Production of Hydrogen and Biofuel cells.
Paper - VI
The Paper is divided into four sections. Students are required to attempt five questions in all, selecting not more than one question from each section. All questions carry equal marks.
Section A
Basic organic reaction mechanism
Common prejudices against Enzymes
Advantage & Disadvantage of Biocatalysts
Section B
Isolated Enzymes versus whole cell systems Mechanistic Aspects and Enzyme Sources
Biocatalytic Application
Section C
Hydrolytic Reactions, Regioselective hydrolysis
Reduction Reactions, Bakers yeast reductions
Oxidation Reactions, Enantioselective oxidation
Hydroxylation of steroids at inactivated carbon centers.
Section D
Enzymes of organic solvents reaction engineering for Enzyme
Catalysed Biotransformations
Catalytic Antibodies
Biocatalysts from Extreme Thermophilic and Hyperthermophilic Archaea and Bacteria
| Paper - VIII | Metabolic Regulation and Engineering | 100 Marks |
| Paper - IX | Advance Modeling and Simulation in Bioprocess | 100 Marks |
|
ELECTIVE - X (Any One): Advance in Gene Terapy, Advanced Plant Cell Technology, Advanced Food Biotechnology, Advanced Clinical Biotechnology, Advanced Microbial Technology and Advanced Industrial Biotechnology | 100 Marks | |
| PRACTICAL / SEMINARS BASED ON THEORY PAPERS - VIII & ELECTIVE PAPER (EIGHT HOURS DURATION) | 150 Marks |
The Paper is divided into four sections. Students are required to attempt five questions in all, selecting not more than one question from each section. All questions carry equal marks.
Section A
The essance of Metabolic Engineering
Importance of Metabolic Engineering
Metabolic Regulation
Mechanism involved in Metabolic Regulation, Digestion and Intestional Absorpation, Organ and tissues.
Section B
Importance Endocrine Organs and Hormones, Integration of Carbohydrate, Fat and Protein Metabolism in the whole body. The nervous system and Metabolism, Coppying with some extreme situations, Lipoprotein Metabolism, Diabetes Mellitu, Energy Balance and Body Weight and Regulation.
Section C
Review of Cellular Metabolism
An overview of cellular Metabolism
Transport Fueling Reaction - Glycolysis, Fermentative Pathways, TCA cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation, Anaplerotic Pathway, Catabolism of Fast, Orgaanic Acids and Amino acids
Section D
Biosynthetics Reactions
Biosynthetic Reactions
Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids, Fatty Acids and Other Building Blocks
Polymerization
The Paper is divided into four sections. Students are required to attempt five questions in all, selecting not more than one question from each section. All questions carry equal marks.
Section A
Introduction To Modeling : Introduction, Defination Of Modeling And Simulation, Different Types Of Models, Applicatiion Of Mathematical Modeling, Scope Of Coverage, Fundamental laws: continuity equation, energy equation, equation of motion, transport equation, equation of state, Phase and chemical equilibrium, chemical kinetics. Design & analysis of biological reactors inculding non- ideal behaviours , Analysis of multiple interacting populations, Bioreactors for Plant and animal cell culture .
Section B
Computer application in bioreactors
Stability of recombinant organisms
Bioprocess economics.
Section C
Case studies of a few bioprocess plants and products.
Biosafety & regulatory issues
Introduction to Biosensors : Concepts and applictions
Section D
Application of Biosensor - based instruments to the bioprocess industry, application of biosensors to environmental samples, Introduction to biochips and their application in morden Sciences. Examples of Mathematical Models :
- Modeling of gene regulation (Genetic switches).
- Modeling of signal transduction in prokary and eukaryotes.
- Insilico Microorganisms.
- Metabolic flux analysis.
- Luyben W.L. Process Modeling Simulation and Control for Chemical Engineers, McGraw Hill, 1998.
- Davis M.E. Numerical Methods and modeling for Chemical Engineers, Wiley, New York, 1984
- Denn M.M., Process Modeling Wiley, New York, 1986.
- Finalyson B.A., Nonlinear analysis in Chemical Engineering, McGraw Hill, New York 1980
- Chapra S.C., R.P., Canale, Numerical Methods for Engineers, Tata -McGraw Hill Publications
- Franks R.E.G., Modeling and Simulation in Chemical Engineering, Wiely Inst.Science, NY,
- John Ingam, Irving J. Dunn, Chemical nEngineering Dynamic Modeling with PC simulation,VCH Publishers.
- Kayode Coker A., Chemical Process Design, Analysis and Simulation, GulfPublishing Company .
- Himmelblau D., K.B. Bischoff , Process Analysis and Simulation, John , Wiely Sons.
- Wayne Blackwell, Chemical Process design on a Programmable Calculater, McGraw Hill.
- Wayne Bequette , Process Dynamic, Modeling, Analysis, Analysis and Simulation., Prentice Hall.
- J.R. Leigh, Modeling and Control of fermentation Process, Peter Peregrinus.
- Application of Biotechnology
- Advance in Gene Therapy
- Advanced Plant Cell Technology
- Advanced Foood Biotechnology
- Advanced Clinical Biotechnology
- Advanced Microbial Biotechnology
- Advanced Industrial Biotechnology
- Advanced Bioinformatics
- Advanced Language and research skills
- Molecular biology of cell - B. Albert et al.
- Lecular cell Biology - Loddish et al.
- Development Biology - F Gillbert
- Molecular Biology of Sterodis and Nuclear Homeone Receptors - L.P. Freedman
- Essentials of molecular Biology - David Friefilder
- Protein - Structure and Moecular Properties - T.E. Creighton
- Gene VIII - B. Lewin
- Introdction to Protein Structure - C. Branden & J.Tooze
- Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology - J. Kembrew
- Physical Chemistry and Macromolecules - C. Taford
- Biophysical Chemistry - Cantor & W.H. Freeman
- Protein Structure - Max perutz
- Moleculer Cloning : a Laboratory manual - J Sambrook
- Introduction to Practical Molecular Biology - P.D. Dabre
- Molecular Biology LabFax - T.A. Brown
- Molecular Biology of the Gene - J.D, Watson
- Molecular Cell Biology - J. Darnell, H. Lodish and D. Baltimore
- Molecular Biology of the Cell - B.Alberts, D.Bray & J. Lewis
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology - R. A Meyers
- Genomes - T.A. Brown
- Elements of Biotechnology - P. K. Gupta
- Plant Biotechnology - Slater
- Process Biotechnology - Mukhopadyay
- Genome Analysis-
- Principle of Gene Manupulations -
- Medical Virology - Morag C. and Timbury M.C.
- Introduction to Modern Virology - mathew, R.E
- Text book on Principles of Bacteriology, Virology and Immunology - Topley and Wilson' s
- Diagnostic Procedures for Viral and Rickettsial diseases - Lennetter, E.H.
- The Genetics of Bacteria and their Viruses .
- Principles of Microbiology - Ronald M. Atlas
- Applied Virology - D.G.A Walkey
- General Microbiology - Power and Daginawala
- Microbiology - Pelczar, Chan and Krieg
- Microbial Physiology - Albert G. Moat & John W. foster
- Food Microbiology - W.C. Frezzier and D.C. Westhoff
- Industrial Microbiology - G.Reed
- Biology of Industrial Microorganism - A.L. Deemain
- Introduction to Environmental Biotechnology - R Michall
- Biology of Microbiology - R. Annantnarayan and C.K. Jayaram Panicker
- Medical Microbilogy - Vol. I : Microbial Infection, Vol. II Practical medical microbiology - Makie and McCarty
- Immunology - A Short Course - Eli Benjamini
- Fundamentals of Immunology - William Paul
- Immunology - Rout and others
- Essential of Immunology - LM roitt
- Immunology - Abbas
- Clinical Immunology - Pravesh C.Sen Gupta
- Immunology - J. Kuby
- Molecular Cloning - Laboratory Manual - J Sambrook, E.F. Fritsch and T. Maniatis.
- DNA Cloning : A Practical Approach - D.M. Glover and B.D. Hames.
- Molecular and Cellular Methods in Biology and Medicine - P.B Kuffman W. Wu., D. Kim and L.J.
- Molecular Biotechnology - S.B. Primrose.
- A First Course in Recombinant Technology - D.A Mickloss and G.A. Greyer .
- Milestones in Biotechnology, Classic papers on Genetic Engineering - J.A. Davis and W.S. Roznikolf.
- Route Map in Gene Technology - M.R. Walker and R.Repley.
- Genetic Engineering An Introduction to Gene Analysis and Exploitation in Eukaryotes S.M Kingsman.
- Molecular Biotechnology - Glick.
- Cell and molecular Biology - H Baltimore and W.H. Freeman.
- Cell Biology - Kimball.
- Cell Biology - Karp
- Plant Biotechnology - J. Hammond, P. McGarvey and V. Yasibov
- Plant Cell and Tissue Culture for the Production of Food Ingredients - T.J., G. Singh and W.R. Curties.
- Biotechnlogy in Crop Improvement - H.S. Chawala
- Animal Cell Culture Techniques - Martin Clynes.
- Culture of Animals Cells - R. Ian Frosheny
- Animal Cell Culture - Practical Approch - John R.W Misters.
- Biocatalysts and Biodegradation : Microbial Transformation of Organic Compounds - Lawerance Philip Wackett
- introduction to Biocatalysts Using Enzyme and Microorganisms
- Biocatalyst From Discovery to Application - W.D. Fesser.
- Biochemical Engineering - Aliba S. Humpery A.E Millis NY.
- Biochmical Engineering Fundamentals - J.E Belly and D.A. Mullis.
- Process Engineering in Biotechnology -A.T. Jackson.
- Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concept - M.L Shuler and F. Kargi.
- Principles of Fermentation Technology - P.F. Stmenbery and A. Withker.
- Bioreaction Engineering Principles - J. Nileson and J. Villadsen.
- Chemical Engineering Problem in Biotechnology - M. L. Shuler .
- Biochemical Engineering - J.M. Lee.
- Bioprocess Engineering - Kinetics, Mass Tranport, Reacoter in Gene expression - W.F. Vieth.
- Principles of Fermentation Technology - P.F. Stanburry and A. Whitkar and S.J Hall.
- Comprative Genomics - Melody Clark.
- The Phylogenetics Handbook: A Practical Approch to DNA and Protein Phylogeny - Macro Salemi.
- Handbook of Comparative Genomics: Principles and Methodology - Cecilia Saccone. GraziaPesole.
- Molecular Evolution and Phylogenrtics - Masatoshi Nei and Sudhir Kumar.
- Functional Genomics - Stephan P. Jint.
- The Internet and the New Biology: Tools for Genomics and Molecular Research - Persuki
- New Drug Development Regulatory Paradigm for Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutic-Chandiahas Sahajwalls.
- Drug from Discovery toApproval-Rick Ng.
- A Gyuide to Clinical Drug Research-Cohen.
- Clinical Research in Pharamceutical Development- Bleidt.
- Downstream Processing of Proteins: Methods and Protocols- Mohamed & Desai.
- Downstream Processing of Natural Product: A practical Handbook- Miichacel S. Verrall.
- Bioseparations: Downstream Processing for Biotech- Paul A. Belter, E.L. Cussler and Weishov HU.
- Protein Purification: Design and Scale up of Downstream Process-Scott M. wheelwright.
- Fundamental of Computer : P.K. Sinha
- Introduction to Bioinformatics : Parrysmith and Attwood.
- Introduction to Bioinformatics : Baxevenis and Oulette.
- Internet for Molecular Biologist : Swindell.
- Molecular databases for protein sequences and Structure studies – An Introduction Silence : J., Sillince M., Springerberlagd, Berlin 1972.
- Leaping from Basic to C- : Robert J. Traister, A.P. Professional Cambridge.
- Perl 5 Unleashed : Kamran Husain & Robert F Breedlore SAMS Publishing.
- Bioinformatics : David, Mount.
Books For Study
1. Sharma J.R. 1994 Principles and Practice of Plant Breeding. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., Ltd., New Delhi.
2. Persley,G.J. 1996 Biotechnology and Integrated Pest Management CAB.
FIFTH YEAR - TENTH SEMESTER
Project Work (6 Month on latest and emerging topic of Biotechnology ) (A dusseration shall be prepared on the basis of project work
X. which will be evaluated by the external and internal examiner) (Two separate examiners one for Disseration valuation and one for Seminar and defence )
| X-1 | Dissertation (Valuation by Internal Examiner ) | 150 Marks |
| X-2 | Dissertation (Valuation by External Examiner ) | 150 Marks |
| XI | Seminar & Defense ( Internal and External Examiner ) | 150 Marks |
| Total | 450 Marks |
Book Recommend :
Biotechnology including Tools and Applications:
Methods In Enzymology, Vol. 185, Gene Expression Technology D.V. Gooddlol
Cell and Molecular Biology :
Secton-A
- Introduction of computer: Basic components and their functions, hardware and software, Input-output devices.
- Basic concepts about data and information, Representation of data in computers in binary, bits and bytes.
- Computer words coding (ASCII and EBCDIC), Numeric data.
- Introduction to Programming languages, C. Perl.
- Conceptual understanding of assemblers, compilers, operating system.
Section-B
- Information Retrieval: LAN, WAN, Introduction to Internet, WWW. NICNET, ERNET, VSNL, ISDN, E-mail, Publication on worldwide web, on-line publishing ventures e.g., Biomed, online internation database access.
- Biological Databased : Primary Sequence database (Proteing and DNA databases), Secondary databases, Composite databases.
Section-C
- Sequence Alignment and Databases searching: Evolutionary basis of sequence alignment, Optimal alignment methods, Subsitution Scores and Gap penalties.- Statistical significance of alignment, Databases similarity searching : FASTA, BLAST.
- Paintise database searching: EMBOSS, Multiple Sequence alignment : CLUSTAL W, BTIS, Network in India.
Book Recommended:
Section-A
Introduction to aspects of plant tissue/cell culture e.g. nutrition and media, callus culture. Cell suspension culture. Introduction to primary and secondary metablolism, Important pathway of primary metabolism leading to the biosynthesis of secondary metabolities (e.g. sepentine, shikonin, diosgenin and cardenolids) in plants, Secondary Metabolic products produced by in vitro culturing of plant cells, selection of plant cells/tissues for the production of a specific product, Molecular Pharming. Culture system in secondary plant product biosynthesisbatch/continuous culture and immobilized plant cells. Biotransformation of precursors by cell culturing. Extraction and analytical methods for the above four metabolities. Industries involved in the production of plant secondary metabolities, Potential and future prospect of the secondary metabolites production by plant cells culture techniques. Somaclonal Variations; Micropropagation- Seed versus soma, use of microprogagation in multiplication of specific genotypes rare and/ or improved varieties, endangered species, Disease elimination. Morphogenesis, regeneration of plantlets, multiplication of plantlets, rooting.
Section-B
Hardening of micropropagated plants & their transfer to soil. Microprogagation methods for the following category of plants (one example for each category (a) Floriculture, (b) Horticulture, (c) Medicinal and ornamental plants, (d) Cereal, pulse, oiseed and fiber crops, (e) Forest trees, fruit trees.
Section-C
Problems in progagating trees namely systemic contaminantes, phenolic leaching, seasonal variation in response, genotypic, recalcitrance. Commercial production of tissue cultured plant-(i) technology transfer, equipment and procedures, (ii) Aseptic techniques pathological indexing, packaging, cost analysis, marketing. Somatic embryogenesis system and artificial seed production.
Commercial production of secondary metabolities using cell cultures-Use of bioreactors, immobilized cells. Biotransformation. Applications and limitations. Cryopreservation and exsitu conservation of germplasm.
Section-D
Genetic improvement of plants through tissue culture-comparison with classical methods– (a) Transgenic Plants, antisense RNAs, tissue specific sequences, eliminatino of plant viruses, (b) Homozygous plant production through anther, ovule, pollen cultures, (c) In vitro pollination and fertilization, embryo rescue, endosperm culture and production of seedless plants, (d) Protoplast culture and its use in genetic improvement: (i) Somatic hybridization, cybrids; limitations, (ii) Micromanipulation of genes using protoplasts, Genetic engineering in plant biotechnology.
Books /References:
1. Dodds. J.H. & Roberts L.W. (1985). Experiments in Plant Tissue Culture Cambrige Univ. Press.
2. Beversdorf W.D. (1990) Progress in plant cellular & Mol. Boil. (Eds.) HJJ. Nijkamp, Kluwar Acad. Pub. Dordrecht.
3. P.C. Dobergh & R.H. Zimmerman (1991) Microprogagation Tech. & Applicatinos- Kluwar Academic Publ. Dordrecht.
4. Green D.A. & Somersmp (1987) Progress in Plant Cellular & Mol. Biol. Kluwer Academic Press Dordrecht.
5. Vasil, I.K. and Thorpe, T.A. 1994. Plant Cell and Tissue Culture, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.
6. Hall R.D. (Ed.) 1999. Plant Cell Culture Protocols. Human Press Inc. New Jersey, USA.
7. Molecylar Biology of Cell. Garland Publishing Co., Inc., New York SA.
8. Dixon. R.A. (Ed.) 1987, Plant Cell Culture: A Practical Approach. IRL Press, Oxford.
9. Neumann et al. 2006, Plant Tissue Culture, Springer.
Question No. I shall consist of questions requiring short answers and shall cover entire paper. The paper is divided into four sections. Students are required to attempt five questions in all, selecting not more than one question from each section. All questions carry equal marks.
Section-A
Conventional methods for crop improvement: Pedigree breeding; Heterosis breeding, Mutation breeding.
Tissue culture in crop improvement: Microprogation for virus-free plants.
Somoclonal variation: Somatic hybridization; Haploids in plant breeding.
Genetic Engineering for increasing crop productivity by manipulation of Photosynthesis; Nitrogen fixation; Nutrient uptake efficiency.
Genetic Engineering for biotic stress ; tolerance, Insects, fungi, bacteria, viruses, weeds.
Genetic Engineering for abiotic stress; Drought, flooding, salt and temperature. Genetic engineering for quality nbsp&;nbsp&; improvement; Protein, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins & mineral nutrients.
Plants as bioreactor: Molecular breeding; Constructing molecular maps.
Molecular tagging of genes/traits; Market assisted selection of equatiative and quantitative traits.; Physical maps of chromosomes; The concept of gene synteny.
Books Recommended:
1. H.J.J. Nijkamp & LHW Van der Plan (1990), Program in Plant Cellular & Mol. Biol. Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht.
2. Sharma B. (1995) Gen. Res. & Education-Society of Genetic & Plant Breedings, New Delhi.
3. Simmonds N.W. 1979. Principles of Crop Improvement. Longman, London and New Yark.
